Empatia(s) no autismo e desenvolvimento típico
Revisão sistemática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51207/2179-4057.20260006Palavras-chave:
Transtorno do Espectro Autista, Empatia, Desenvolvimento Infantil, Adolescência, Revisão SistemáticaResumo
O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um levantamento sistemático sobre os níveis e os tipos de empatia em crianças e adolescentes com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) e em crianças e adolescentes com desenvolvimento típico. Para isso, foi realizada uma busca eletrônica nas bases de dados PubMed, ERIC e Scopus, com 32 estudos sendo incluídos na amostra final. Para a estratégia de busca, foram utilizadas palavras-chave como “autismo” e “empatia” em inglês, juntamente com suas variações ou sinônimos. Esses estudos foram então classificados em oito categorias: (1) Empatia global; (2) Empatia cognitiva e afetiva; (3) Empatia afetiva; (4) Tomada de perspectiva do outro e teoria da mente; (5) Reconhecimento de emoções; (6) Empatia e organização mental; (7) Empatia e alexitimia; e (8) Processamento da empatia. Foram observadas variações ao analisar crianças e adolescentes com e sem TEA. Essa diversidade destaca a necessidade de abordagens variadas e perspectivas emergentes, ajudando na compreensão e promovendo apoio às necessidades da população com autismo.
Downloads
Referências
American Psychiatric Association. (2023). Manual diagnóstico e estatístico de transtornos mentais - DSM-5-TR: Texto Revisado. Artmed Editora.
Assumpção, F. B., Sprovieri, M. H., Kuczynski, E., & Farinha, V. (1999). Reconhecimento facial e autismo. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, 57(4), 944-949.
Auyeung, B., Wheelwright, S., Allison, C., Atkinson, M., Samarawickrema, N., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2009). The children’s empathy quotient and systemizing quotient: Sex differences in typical development and in autism spectrum conditions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(11), 1509-1521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0772-x
Baron-Cohen, S. (2002). The extreme male brain theory of autism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6(6), 248-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/S13646613(02)01904-6
Batson, C. D. (2009). These things called empathy: Eight related but distinct phenomena. In J. Decety, & W. Ickes (Eds.), The Social Neuroscience of Empathy (pp. 3-15). MIT Press.
Bird, G., Silani, G., Brindley, R., White, S., Frith, U., & Singer, T. (2010). Empathic brain responses in insula are modulated by levels of alexithymia but not autism. Brain, 133(5), 1515-1525. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awq060
Bos, J., & Stokes, M. A. (2018). Cognitive empathy moderates the relationship between affective empathy and wellbeing in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 16(4), 433-446. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2018.1444987
Butean, I., Costescu, C., & Dobrean, A. (2014). Differences between empathic responses in children with autism spectrum disorder and typically developing children. Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies, 14(2), 197. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2014-42863-009
Butera, C. D., Harrison, L., Kilroy, E., Jayashankar, A., Shipkova, M., Pruyser, A., & Aziz-Zadeh, L. (2022). Relationships between alexithymia, interoception, and emotional empathy in autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 27(3), 690-703. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361322111131
Caliman, L. V., & Prado, M. R. (2019). O TDAH na França: a experiência das famílias. Educação em Foco, 24(3), 849-878.
Chapple, M., Davis, P., Billington, J., Williams, S., & Corcoran, R. (2022). Challenging Empathic Deficit Models of Autism Through Responses to Serious Literature. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 828603. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.828603
Corradini, A., & Antonietti, A. (2013). Mirror neurons and their function in cognitively understood empathy. Consciousness and Cognition, 22(3), 1152-1161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2013.03.003
D’Albis, M. A., Guevara, P., Guevara, M., Laidi, C., Boisgontier, J., Sarrazin, S., Duclap, D., Delorme, R., Bolognani, F., Czech, C., Bouquet, C., Moal, M., Holiga, S., Amestoy, A., Scheid, I., Gaman, A., Leboyer, M., Poupon, C., Mangin, J., & Houenou, J. (2018). Local structural connectivity is associated with social cognition in autism spectrum disorder. Brain, 141(12), 3472-3481. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awy275
Dapretto, M., Davies, M. S., Pfeifer, J. H., Scott, A. A., Sigman, M., Bookheimer, S. Y., & Iacoboni, M. (2006). Understanding emotions in others: mirror neuron dysfunction in 29 children with autism spectrum disorders. Nature Neuroscience, 9(1), 28-30. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1611
Demurie, E., De Corel, M., & Roeyers, H. (2011). Empathic accuracy in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(1), 126-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2010.03.002
Deschamps, P. K., Been, M., & Matthys, W. (2014). Empathy and empathy induced prosocial behavior in 6-and 7-year-olds with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(7), 1749-1758. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2048-3
Dziobek, I., Rogers, K., Fleck, S., Bahnemann, M., Heekeren, H. R., Wolf, O. T., & Convit, A. (2008). Dissociation of cognitive and emotional empathy in adults with Asperger syndrome using the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(3), 464-473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0486-x
Eisenberg, N., & Morris, A. S. (2001). The Origins and Social Significance of Empathy-Related Responding. A Review of Empathy and Moral Development: Implications for Caring and Justice by M. L. Hoffman. Social Justice Research, 14(1), 95-120. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012579805721
Flavell, J. H., Botkin, P. T., Fry, C. L., Wright, J. W., & Jarvis, P. E. (1968). The development of role-taking and communication skills in children. Wiley.
García-Blanco, A., López-Soler, C., Vento, M., García-Blanco, M. C., Gago, B., & Perea, M. (2017). Communication deficits and avoidance of angry faces in children with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 62, 218-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2017.02.002
Grant, T., Furlano, R., Hall, L., & Kelley, E. (2018). Criminal responsibility in autism spectrum disorder: A critical review examining empathy and moral reasoning. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 59(1), 65. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000124
Greenberg, D. M., Warrier, V., Allison, C., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2018). Testing the empathizing–systemizing theory of sex differences and the extreme male brain theory of autism in half a million people. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(48), 12152-12157. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1811032115
Greimel, E., Schulte-Rüther, M., Kircher, T., Kamp-Becker, I., Remschmidt, H., Fink, G. R., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., & Konrad, K. (2010). Neural mechanisms of empathy in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and their fathers. Neuroimage, 49(1), 1055-1065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.057
Gu, X., Eilam-Stock, T., Zhou, T., Anagnostou, E., Kolevzon, A., Soorya, L., Hof, P. R., Friston, K. J., & Fan, J. (2015). Autonomic and brain responses associated with empathy deficits in autism spectrum disorder. Human Brain Mapping, 36(9), 3323-3338. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22840
Guo, X., Xu, C., Chen, J., Wu, Z., Hou, S., & Wei, Z. (2024). Disrupted cognitive and affective empathy network interactions in autistic children viewing social animation. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 19(1), nsae028. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsae028
Hodges, H., Fealko, C., & Soares, N. (2020). Autism spectrum disorder: definition, epidemiology, causes, and clinical evaluation. Translational Pediatrics, 9(Suppl 1), S55-S65. http://doi.org/10.21037/tp.2019.09.09
Hoffman, M. L. (1980). Moral Development in Adolescence. In. Adelson, J. (Ed.), Handbook of Adolescent Psychology. John Wiley.
Hoffman, M. L. (1987). The contribution of empathy to justice and moral judgment. In N. Eisenberg, & J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development (pp. 47-79). Cambridge University Press.
Jeon, H., Hur, A., Lee, H., Shin, Y. W., Lee, S. I., Shin, C. J., Kim, S., Ju, G., Lee, J., Jung, J. H., Chung, S., & Son, J. W. (2024). The Relationship Between Brain Activation for Taking Others’ Perspective and Interoceptive Abilities in Autism Spectrum Disorder: An fMRI Study. Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(3), 197-209. https://doi.org/10.5765/jkacap.240008
Johnson, S. A., Filliter, J. H., & Murphy, R. R. (2009). Discrepancies between self-and parent-perceptions of autistic traits and empathy in high functioning children and adolescents on the autism spectrum. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(12), 1706-1714. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0809-1
Jones, A. P., Happé, F. G., Gilbert, F., Burnett, S., & Viding, E. (2010). Feeling, caring, knowing: different types of empathy deficit in boys with psychopathic tendencies and autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(11), 1188-1197. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02280.x
Kilroy, E., Ring, P., Hossain, A., Nalbach, A., Butera, C., Harrison, L., Jayashankar, A., Vigen, C., Aziz-Zadeh, L., & Cermak, S. A. (2022). Motor performance, praxis, and social skills in autism spectrum disorder and developmental coordination disorder. Autism Research, 15(9), 1649-1664. http://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2774
Klapwijk, E. T., Aghajani, M., Colins, O. F., Marijnissen, G. M., Popma, A., Lang, N. D., Wee, N., & Vermeiren, R. R. (2016). Different brain responses during empathy in autism spectrum disorders versus conduct disorder and callous-unemotional traits. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(6), 737-747. http://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12498
Kok, F. M., Groen, Y., Becke, M., Fuermaier, A. B., & Tucha, O. (2016). Self-reported empathy in adult women with autism spectrum disorders–a systematic mini review. PLoS one, 11(3), e0151568. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151568
Li, T., Decety, J., Hua, Z., Li, G., & Yi, L. (2024). Empathy in autistic children: Emotional over arousal in response toothers’ physical pain. Autism Research, 17(8), 1640-1650. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.3200
Lyvers, M., Randhawa, A., & Thorberg, F. A. (2020). Self-compassion in relation to alexithymia, empathy, and negative mood in young adults. Mindfulness, 11(7), 1655-1665. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01379-6
Mathersul, D., McDonald, S., & Rushby, J. A. (2013a). Autonomic arousal explains social cognitive abilities in high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 89(3), 475-482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.04.014
Mathersul, D., McDonald, S., & Rushby, J. A. (2013b). Understanding advanced theory of mind and empathy in high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 35(6), 655-668. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2013.809700
Martino, G., Caputo, A., Schwarz, P., Bellone, F., Fries, W., Quattropani, M. C., & Vicario, C. M. (2020). Alexithymia and inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 1763. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01763
Mazza, M., Pino, M. C., Mariano, M., Tempesta, D., Ferrara, M., De Berardis, D., Masedu, F., & Valenti, M. (2014). Affective and cognitive empathy in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8(791), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00791
Metcalfe, D., McKenzie, K., McCarty, K., & Pollet, T. V. (2019). Emotion recognition from body movement and gesture in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder is improved by situational cues. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 86, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2018.12.008
Miralles, A., Grandgeorge, M., & Raymond, M. (2022). Self-perceived empathic abilities of people with autism towards living beings mostly differs for humans. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 6300. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10353-2
Mufato, L. F., & Gaíva, M. A. M. (2019). Empatia em saúde: revisão integrativa. Revista de Enfermagem do Centro Oeste Mineiro, 9, e2884 https://doi.org/10.19175/recom.v9i0.2884
Nogueira, M. F. (2013). A intervenção da família na educação do deficiente intelectual. [Monografia de Pós-graduação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo]. https://repositorio.pucsp.br/bitstream/handle/35009/1/Mar%c3%adlia%20de%20Farias%20%20Nogueira.pdf
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., McGuinness, L. A., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 372(71). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Pan, N., Auyeung, B., Wang, X., Lin, L. Z., Li, H. L., Zhan, X. L., Jin, C. K., Jing, J., & Li, X. H. (2022). Empathizing, systemizing, empathizing-systemizing difference and their association with autistic traits in children with autism spectrum disorder, with and without intellectual disability. Autism Research, 15(7), 1348-1357. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2766
Pepper, K. L., Demetriou, E. A., Park, S. H., Song, Y. C., Hickie, I. B., Cacciotti-Saija, C., Langdon, R., Kumfor, F., Thomas, E. E., & Guastella, A. J. (2018). Autism, early psychosis, and social anxiety disorder: understanding the role of social cognition and its relationship to disability in young adults with disorders characterized by social impairments. Translational Psychiatry, 8(1), 233. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-018-0282-8
Peterson, C. C., Slaughter, V., & Brownell, C. (2015). Children with autism spectrum disorder are skilled at reading emotion body language. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 139, 35-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2015.04.012
Pouw, L. B., Rieffe, C., Oosterveld, P., Huskens, B., & Stockmann, L. (2013). Reactive/proactive aggression and affective/cognitive empathy in children with ASD. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(4), 1256-1266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2012.12.022
Raman, N., Ringold, S. M., Jayashankar, A., Butera, C. D., Kilroy, E., Harrison, L., & Aziz-Zadeh, L. (2023). Relationships between Affect Recognition, Empathy, Alexithymia, and Co-Occurring Conditions in Autism. Brain Sciences, 13(8), 1161. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13081161
Rieffe, C., O’Connor, R., Bülow, A., Willems, D., Hull, L., Sedgewick, F., Stockmann, L., Sedgewick, F., & Blijd Hoogewys, E. (2020). Quantity and quality of empathic responding by autistic and non-autistic adolescent girls and boys. Autism, 25(1), 199-209. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361320956422
Rodrigues, G., Duarte, V. E. S., Couto, S. O., Oliveira, I. F. L., Lima, L. S., Linhares, T. F., & Gonçalves, E. O. (2021). O que a sociedade precisa saber sobre o transtorno do espectro autista. Revista Projetos Extensionistas, 1(2), 173-183.
Roza, S. A., & Guimarães, S. R. K. (2021). Empatia afetiva e cognitiva no Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA): uma revisão integrativa da literatura. Revista Brasileira de Educação Especial, 27, e0028. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-54702021v27e0028
Rueda, P., Fernández-Berrocal, P., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2014a). Dissociation between cognitive and affective empathy in youth with Asperger Syndrome. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12(1), 85-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2014.950221
Rueda, P., Fernández-Berrocal, P., & Schonert-Reichl, K. A. (2014b). Perspective-taking and empathic concern as mediators for happiness and positive affect in adolescents with and without asperger syndrome. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 26(6), 717-735. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-014-9391-3
Santiesteban, I., Gibbard, C., Drucks, H., Clayton, N., Banissy, M. J., & Bird, G. (2021). Individuals with autism share others’ emotions: evidence from the continuous affective rating and empathic responses (CARER) task. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(2), 391-404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04535-y
Scheeren, A. M., Koot, H. M., Mundy, P. C., Mous, L., & Begeer, S. (2013). Empathic responsiveness of children and adolescents with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 6(5), 362-371. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1299
Schulte-Rüther, M., Greimel, E., Piefke, M., Kamp-Becker, I., Remschmidt, H., Fink, G. R., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., & Konrad, K. (2013). Age-dependent changes in the neural substrates of empathy in autism spectrum disorder. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9(8), 1118-1126. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nst088
Schwenck, C., Mergenthaler, J., Keller, K., Zech, J., Salehi, S., Taurines, R., & Freitas, C. M. (2012). Empathy in children with autism and conduct disorder: Group-specific profiles and developmental aspects. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(6), 651-659. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02499.x
Senland, A. K., & Alessandro, A. H. (2013). Moral reasoning and empathy in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: Implications for moral education. Journal of Moral Education, 42(2), 209-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2012.752721
Shaw, K. A., Maenner, M. J., Bakian, A. V., Bilder, D. A., Durkin, M. S., Furnier, S. M., Hughes, M. M., Patrick, M., Pierce, K., Salinas, A., Shenouda, J., Vehorn, A., Warren, Z., Zahorodny, W., Constantino, J. N., DiRienzo, M., Esler, A., Fitzgerald, R. T., Grzybowski, A., & Cogswell, M. E. (2021). Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 Years - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2018. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries (Washington, D.C.), 70(10), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss7010a1
Shi, L. J., Zhou, H. Y., Wang, Y., Shen, Y. M., Fang, Y. M., He, Y. Q., Ou, J. J., Li, H. B., Luo, X., Cheung, E., Pantelis, C., & Chan, R. C. (2020). Altered empathy-related resting-state functional connectivity in adolescents with early-onset schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 53, 102167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102167
Simantov, T., & Uzefovsky, F. (2024). Empathy among autistic and non-autistic adolescents: The importance of informant effects. Autism Research, 17(8), 1628-1639. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.3197
Song, Y., Nie, T., Shi, W., Zhao, X., & Yang, Y. (2019). Empathy impairment in individuals with autism spectrum conditions from a multidimensional perspective: A meta analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1902. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01902
Souza, L. P. N. (2021). Diagnóstico diferencial entre transtorno do espectro autista (TEA) e distúrbio específico de linguagem (DEL). Revista Ibero-Americana de Humanidades, Ciências e Educação, 7(7), 1465-1482. https://doi.org/10.51891/rease.v7i7.1891
Speyer, L. G., Brown, R. H., Camus, L., Murray, A. L., & Auyeung, B. (2021). Alexithymia and autistic traits as contributing factors to empathy difficulties in preadolescent children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(2), 823-834. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-04986-x
Tahazadeh, S., Barahmand, U., Yaghooti, F., & Nazari, M. A. (2020). Mind reading in films task to assess social cognitive deficits in autism spectrum conditions. Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies, 20(2), 79-100. http://jebp.psychotherapy.ro/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/4.-PUBLISHED-3.pdf
Tavassoli, T., Miller, L. J., Schoen, S. A., Brout, J. J., Sullivan, J., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2018). Sensory reactivity, empathizing and systemizing in autism spectrum conditions and sensory processing disorder. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 29, 72-77. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2017.05.005
Tkalcec, A., Bierlein, M., Seeger-Schneider, G., Walitza, S., Jenny, B., Menks, W. M., & Cubillo, A. (2023). Empathy deficits, callous-unemotional traits and structural underpinnings in autism spectrum disorder and conduct disorder youth. Autism Research, 16(10), 1946-1962. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2993
Vilas, S. P., Reniers, R. L., & Ludlow, A. K. (2021). An Investigation of Behavioural and Self-Reported Cognitive Empathy Deficits in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders and Adolescents With Behavioural Difficulties. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 717877. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.717877
Wakabayashi, A., Baron-Cohen, S., Uchiyama, T., Yoshida, Y., Kuroda, M., & Wheelwright, S. (2007). Empathizing and systemizing in adults with and without autism spectrum conditions: Cross-cultural stability. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(10), 1823-1832. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0316-6
Wang, X., Auyeung, B., Pan, N., Lin, L. Z., Chen, Q., Chen, J. J., Liu, S., Dai, M., Gong, J., Li, X., & Jing, J. (2022). Empathy, Theory of Mind, and Prosocial Behaviors in Autistic Children. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 844578. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.844578
Yu, H., Cao, R., Lin, C., & Wang, S. (2022). Distinct neurocognitive bases for social trait judgments of faces in autism spectrum disorder. Translational psychiatry, 12(1), 104. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-022-01870-9
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2026 Edizângela de Fátima Cruz de Souza, Gabriella Medeiros Silva, Lilian Kelly de Sousa Galvão, Cleonice Pereira dos Santos Camino
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
